For close to three decades, nucleons (protons and neutrons) were considered to be the ultimate subatomic particles. As scientists delved deeper, they detected shadows of yet another layer of matter inside nucleons. Unable so far to crack open a nucleon and bring out one of these shadowy objects for observation and measurement, they named them quarks. It is believed that …

It is a system of coordinates in Geometry whereby the position of a point, say P, in a plane can be determined with reference to a fixed point called origin, denoted by O, and a predetermined direction represented by a ray OA. The measure of length OP, denoted by r, and the measure of the angle that OP makes with …

You must realize that the Earth provides us with all the raw materials swallowed up by our industries. Many of these material are minerals. The word ‘mineral’ is used to denote any substance obtained by mining. It is clear that the words mine and mineral have similar origins. You might expect that Minerals would be spread throughout the Earth, and …

Nerves are the organs which tell us what is going on in the world outside our bodies, and which take messages about this world to the brain, which translates the messages into feelings. There are four types of nerve in the body. The first is the one which picks up messages like pain, light, cold and heat. The second type …

A mosaic is a picture or pattern made by placing, or fixing, small different-colored pieces of stone or glass side by side. The art was an invention of the Mediterranean peoples and flowered between c. 300-31 B.C. In the Roman period, or about the first five hundred years of the Christian era, mosaics of great beauty ad variety were designed …

Motion capture, or mocap, is a technique for digitally recording movement. Originally used as an analysis tool for biomechanics, mocap is now successfully employed in a wide variety of sectors including games development, advertising, and education. Movement is captured through the placement of sensors on or near each joint of the body. As each joint moves, the positions or angles …

When spring water passes through rocks containing different type of minerals, it absorbs them during its underground flow. Generally the water of all the springs contains some kind of minerals. When there is abnormal amount of mineral in any spring water, it is called ‘Mineral Spring’. When the water of any spring comes into contact with hot rocks, it also …

True to their ominous appearance, mammatus clouds are often harbingers of a coming storm. Composed primarily of ice, they can extend for hundreds of miles in each direction and individual formations can remain visibly static for 10-15 minutes at a time. While they may appear foreboding, they are merely the messengers. As upward draughts carry precipitation enriched air to the …

The German scientist Paul Ehrlich, considered the father of chemotherapy, originally coined the term magic bullet in the 19th century to refer to arsenic containing chemicals that showed the remarkable ability to cure syphilis — a sexually transmitted disease. He proposed the seminal idea that each disease must be treated with a chemical specific for that disease. His greatest contribution …

These are the lines you will drawn on a globe, running from east to west or north to south. Latitude the line drawn halfway between the poles is called the equator. Other lines parallel to the equator are called parallels, or lines of latitude. They are measured north and south of the equator (0° latitude) to the poles (90° North …