Jahangir (20 September 1569 – 8 November 1627) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian, meaning “Conqueror of the World”. Nur-ud-din or Nur al-Din is an Arabic name which means “Light of the Faith.” Born as Prince Muhammad Salim, he was the third and eldest surviving son of Mogul …

Jacques Rossouw — As far as medical research was concerned, males were forever the default sex and women little more than a footnote. Long-term studies of health issues usually excluded women as too hormonally variable, so their medical care tended to be based on hunches rather than science. The most famous one went like this: estrogen cures hot flashes, so …

Jacques Kallis — Jacques Henry Kallis (born 16 October 1975) is a South African cricketer. As an all-rounder he is a formidable right-handed batsman and fast-medium swing bowler. He is one of the greatest cricketers of all time, particularly all-rounders, being the only cricketer in the history of the game to hold more than 10,000 runs and 250 wickets in …

J.J. Abrams — Jeffrey Jacob ‘J. J.’ Abrams (born June 27, 1966) is an American film and television producer, screenwriter, director, actor, and composer, best known for his work in the genres of action, drama, and science fiction. He wrote and produced feature films before co-creating the television series Felicity (1998–2002). He also created Alias (2001–2006) and co-created Lost (2004–2010), …

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system. Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning. Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology and neurology. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and …

Ismail Haniya — Ismail Haniyeh is a senior political leader of Hamas and one of two disputed Prime Ministers of the Palestinian National Authority. Haniyeh was born in the Al-Shati refugee camp in the Gaza Strip on January 29, 1963, after his parents fled their homes in Majdal (currently Ashkelon, Israel) during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. In 1987, he graduated …

Indra Nooyi — Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi (born October 28, 1955) is the Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of PepsiCo Incorporated. On August 14, 2006, Nooyi was named the successor to Steven Reinemund as chief executive officer of the company effective October 1, 2006. On February 5, 2007, she was named Chairperson, effective May 2, 2007. She is a Successor …

Ibn Rushd or Averroes, was a Muslim philosopher, physician, and a master of theology, Maliki law, astronomy, geography, mathematics, medicine, physics and psychology. He was born in modern day Spain, and died in modern day Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism. He is considered the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe. Rushd is famous for …

Ian Fishback is a United States Army officer, who became known after he sent a letter to Senator John McCain of Arizona on September 16, 2005, in which Fishback stated his concerns about the continued abuse of prisoners held under the auspices of the Global War on Terror. McCain, along with Republican Senators John Warner and Lindsey Graham afterward wrote …

Ian Buruma is an Anglo-Dutch writer and academic. Much of his work focuses on Asian culture, particularly that of 20th-century Japan. A former journalist who spent years working in Asia, he is best known for Murder in Amsterdam: The Death of Theo van Gogh and the Limits of Tolerance and for his commentary on faith and moral relativism. He is …